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0x800f0831

The update needs a previous update that is missing or damaged, so it cannot be installed on top.

How to fix it

1. Open Command Prompt as administrator (search "cmd", right-click, Run as administrator).
2. Run: DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth and wait for it to finish (it can sit at 20% for a while).
3. Then run: sfc /scannow
4. Restart the PC.
5. Check Settings > Windows Update > Update history for the last cumulative update that installed, and install the next one manually.
6. If one update keeps failing, download it by its KB number from the Microsoft Update Catalog (catalog.update.microsoft.com) and install it by double-clicking the file.

Is it serious?

Fixable with DISM or a manual install. An in-place repair install is the last resort.